使用.Net Core编写命令行工具(CLI)的方法

.Net  /  houtizong1 发布于 6个月前   57

命令行工具(CLI)

  命令行工具(CLI)是在图形用户界面得到普及之前使用最为广泛的用户界面,它通常不支持鼠标,用户通过键盘输入指令,计算机接收到指令后,予以执行。

  通常认为,命令行工具(CLI)没有图形用户界面(GUI)那么方便用户操作。因为,命令行工具的软件通常需要用户记忆操作的命令,但是,由于其本身的特点,命令行工具要较图形用户界面节约计算机系统的资源。在熟记命令的前提下,使用命令行工具往往要较使用图形用户界面的操作速度要快。所以,图形用户界面的操作系统中,都保留着可选的命令行工具。

  另外,命令行工具(CLI)应该是一个开箱即用的工具,不需要安装任何依赖。

  一些熟悉的CLI工具如下:

  1. dotnet cli

  2. vue cli

  3.angular cli

  4. aws cli

  5.azure cli

指令设计

  本文将使用.Net Core(版本3.1.102)编写一个CLI工具,实现配置管理以及条目(item)管理(调用WebApi实现),详情如下:

  

框架说明

  编写CLI使用的主要框架是CommandLineUtils,它主要有以下优势:

  1. 良好的语法设计

  2. 支持依赖注入

  3. 支持generic host

WebApi

  提供api让cli调用,实现条目(item)的增删改查:

[Route("api/items")][ApiController]public class ItemsController : ControllerBase{  private readonly IMemoryCache _cache;  private readonly string _key = "items";  public ItemsController(IMemoryCache memoryCache)  {    _cache = memoryCache;  }  [HttpGet]  public IActionResult List()  {    var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key);    return Ok(items);  }  [HttpGet("{id}")]  public IActionResult Get(string id)  {    var item = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key).FirstOrDefault(n => n.Id == id);    return Ok(item);  }  [HttpPost]  public IActionResult Create(ItemForm form)  {    var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key) ?? new List<Item>();    var item = new Item    {      Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"),      Name = form.Name,      Age = form.Age    };    items.Add(item);    _cache.Set(_key, items);        return Ok(item);  }  [HttpDelete("{id}")]  public IActionResult Delete(string id)  {    var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key);    var item = items?.SingleOrDefault(n => n.Id == id);    if (item == null)    {      return NotFound();    }    items.Remove(item);    _cache.Set(_key, items);    return Ok();  }}

CLI

  1. Program - 函数入口

[HelpOption(Inherited = true)] //显示指令帮助,并且让子指令也继承此设置[Command(Description = "A tool to communicate with web api"), //指令描述 Subcommand(typeof(ConfigCommand), typeof(ItemCommand))] //子指令class Program{  public static int Main(string[] args)  {    //配置依赖注入    var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();    serviceCollection.AddSingleton(PhysicalConsole.Singleton);    serviceCollection.AddSingleton<IConfigService, ConfigService>();    serviceCollection.AddHttpClient<IItemClient, ItemClient>();    var services = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();    var app = new CommandLineApplication<Program>();    app.Conventions      .UseDefaultConventions()      .UseConstructorInjection(services);    var console = (IConsole)services.GetService(typeof(IConsole));    try    {      return app.Execute(args);    }    catch (UnrecognizedCommandParsingException ex) //处理未定义指令    {      console.WriteLine(ex.Message);      return -1;    }  }  //指令逻辑  private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console)  {    console.WriteLine("Please specify a command.");    app.ShowHelp();    return 1;  }}

  2. ConfigCommand和ItemCommand - 实现的功能比较简单,主要是指令描述以及指定对应的子指令

[Command("config", Description = "Manage config"), Subcommand(typeof(GetCommand), typeof(SetCommand))]public class ConfigCommand{  private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console)  {    console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command.");    app.ShowHelp();    return 1;  }}[Command("item", Description = "Manage item"), Subcommand(typeof(CreateCommand), typeof(GetCommand), typeof(ListCommand), typeof(DeleteCommand))]public class ItemCommand{  private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console)  {    console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command.");    app.ShowHelp();    return 1;  }}

  3.ConfigService - 配置管理的具体实现,主要是文件读写

public interface IConfigService{  void Set();  Config Get();}public class ConfigService: IConfigService{  private readonly IConsole _console;  private readonly string _directoryName;  private readonly string _fileName;  public ConfigService(IConsole console)  {    _console = console;    _directoryName = ".api-cli";    _fileName = "config.json";  }  public void Set()  {    var directory = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName);    if (!Directory.Exists(directory))    {      Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);    }    var config = new Config    {      //弹出交互框,让用户输入,设置默认值为http://localhost:5000/      Endpoint = Prompt.GetString("Specify the endpoint:", "http://localhost:5000/")    };    if (!config.Endpoint.EndsWith("/"))    {      config.Endpoint += "/";    }    var filePath = Path.Combine(directory, _fileName);    using (var outputFile = new StreamWriter(filePath, false, Encoding.UTF8))    {      outputFile.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(config, Formatting.Indented));    }    _console.WriteLine($"Config saved in {filePath}.");  }  public Config Get()  {    var filePath = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName, _fileName);    if (File.Exists(filePath))    {      var content = File.ReadAllText(filePath);      try      {        var config = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Config>(content);        return config;      }      catch      {        _console.WriteLine("The config is invalid, please use 'config set' command to reset one.");      }    }    else    {      _console.WriteLine("Config is not existed, please use 'config set' command to set one.");    }    return null;  }}

  4.ItemClient - 调用Web Api的具体实现,使用HttpClientFactory的方式

public interface IItemClient{  Task<string> Create(ItemForm form);  Task<string> Get(string id);  Task<string> List();  Task<string> Delete(string id);}public class ItemClient : IItemClient{  public HttpClient Client { get; }  public ItemClient(HttpClient client, IConfigService configService)  {    var config = configService.Get();    if (config == null)    {      return;    }    client.BaseAddress = new Uri(config.Endpoint);    Client = client;  }  public async Task<string> Create(ItemForm form)  {    var content = new StringContent(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(form), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");    var result = await Client.PostAsync("/api/items", content);    if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)    {      var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();      var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream);      return $"Item created, info:{item}";    }    return "Error occur, please again later.";  }  public async Task<string> Get(string id)  {    var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items/{id}");    if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)    {      var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();      var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream);      var response = new StringBuilder();      response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age");      response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}");      return response.ToString();    }    return "Error occur, please again later.";  }  public async Task<string> List()  {    var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items");    if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)    {      var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();      var items = Deserialize<List<Item>>(stream);      var response = new StringBuilder();      response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age");      if (items != null && items.Count > 0)      {        foreach (var item in items)        {          response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}");        }      }return response.ToString();    }    return "Error occur, please again later.";  }  public async Task<string> Delete(string id)  {    var result = await Client.DeleteAsync($"/api/items/{id}");    if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)    {      return $"Item {id} deleted.";    }    if (result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound)    {      return $"Item {id} not found.";    }    return "Error occur, please again later.";  }  private static T Deserialize<T>(Stream stream)  {    using var reader = new JsonTextReader(new StreamReader(stream));    var serializer = new JsonSerializer();    return (T)serializer.Deserialize(reader, typeof(T));  }}

如何发布

  在项目文件中设置发布程序的名称(AssemblyName):

 <PropertyGroup>   <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>   <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.1</TargetFramework>   <AssemblyName>api-cli</AssemblyName>  </PropertyGroup>

  进入控制台程序目录:

cd src/NetCoreCLI

  发布Linux使用版本:

 dotnet publish -c Release -r linux-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true

  发布Windows使用版本:

dotnet publish -c Release -r win-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true

  发布MAC使用版本:

 dotnet publish -c Release -r osx-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true 

使用示例

  这里使用Linux作为示例环境。

  1. 以docker的方式启动web api

  2. 虚拟机上没有安装.net core的环境

  3. 把编译好的CLI工具拷贝到虚拟机上,授权并移动到PATH中(如果不移动,可以通过./api-cli的方式调用)

sudo chmod +x api-cli #授权sudo mv ./api-cli /usr/local/bin/api-cli #移动到PATH

  4. 设置配置文件:api-cli config set

  5. 查看配置文件:api-cli config get

  6. 创建条目:api-cli item create

  7. 条目列表:api-cli item list

  8. 获取条目:api-cli item get

  9. 删除条目:api-cli item delete

  10. 指令帮助:api-cli -h, api-cli config -h, api-cli item -h

  11. 错误指令:api-cli xxx

源码地址

  https://github.com/ErikXu/NetCoreCLI

参考资料

  https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/rid-catalog

  https://medium.com/swlh/build-a-command-line-interface-cli-program-with-net-core-428c4c85221

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